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An Absolute Lymphocyte Count test measures the total number of lymphocytes in the blood. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that play an important role in your immune system and help your body fight disease and infection. There are two main types of lymphocytes:

• T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells control your body’s immune system response and directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells.

• B lymphocytes (B cells): B cells make antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that target viruses, bacteria, and other foreign pathogens.

Lymphocytes help your immune system remember every antigen (a foreign substance) it comes in contact with. After an encounter, some lymphocytes turn into memory cells. When these memory cells run into an antigen again, they recognize it and quickly respond. It is also the reason why getting vaccinated helps prevent certain diseases.

Immunoglobulins are antibodies (proteins) produced by plasma cells (specific immune cells) when the body recognizes bacteria, viruses, other microorganisms, or any other unknown substances as harmful foreign antigens (allergy-causing substances or allergens) to the immune system. There are five types of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgD, and IgE.

Unlike other antibodies, IgE is primarily associated with immune responses to allergenic substances, such as plant pollen, latex, pet dander, mold, eggs, peanuts, bee venom, and strawberries. Typically, IgE is present in tiny amounts in the blood. When the immune system encounters an allergen, it triggers the production of IgE antibodies. The Total IgE test measures the concentration of these IgE antibodies in the blood, providing insights into the presence and severity of allergies.

The Differential Neutrophil Count test measures the total percentage of neutrophils in the blood. This test helps your doctor determine the underlying cause of symptoms like fever, inflammation, or infection by identifying the type of infection, i.e., bacterial or viral.

The Differential Lymphocyte Count test measures the proportion of different types of lymphocytes in the blood. Lymphocytes are a type of white blood cells that play an important role in the functioning of your immune system, which helps your body fight disease and infection. 

There are two main types of lymphocytes:

• T lymphocytes (T cells): T cells control your body’s immune system response and directly attack and kill infected cells and tumor cells.

• B lymphocytes (B cells): B cells make antibodies. Antibodies are proteins that target viruses, bacteria, and other foreign invaders.

Lymphocytes help your immune system remember every antigen (a foreign substance) it comes in contact with. After an encounter, some lymphocytes turn into memory cells. When these memory cells run into an antigen again, they recognize it and quickly respond. It is also the reason why getting vaccinated can help prevent certain diseases.

A Differential Monocyte Count test measures the relative percentage of monocytes in the blood.

Monocytes are the type of white blood cells that originate from bone marrow and travel to different tissues via blood. Once they are inside the tissue, they get converted into macrophages (a type of cell that digests harmful substances). These cells are the second line of defense in the human body after neutrophils. Monocytes are responsible for the removal of injured or dead cells, microorganisms, and other insoluble particles from the blood. 

The Differential Eosinophil Count test measures the proportion of eosinophils in relation to other types of white blood cells (WBC), such as neutrophils, lymphocytes, basophils, and monocytes. Eosinophils originate from bone marrow and have a lifespan of 8-18 hours. These cells are involved in fighting certain types of infections and responding to allergic reactions in the body. The eosinophils have varied functions that include the physiological role in organ formation, such as the development of post-gestational mammary glands. Other functions include its movement to the areas of inflammation, trapping the substances, and killing the cells with bactericidal and antiparasitic activities. It also helps in the treatment of immediate allergic reactions and modulation of inflammatory responses.

The Differential Basophil Count test measures the relative percentage of basophils in the blood. Basophils are spherically shaped small cells that originate from bone marrow and make up almost 1% of the total white blood cells in the body. These cells attack a foreign substance and release proteins, like histamine and heparin, to destroy harmful substances like allergens, pathogens, or parasites. Histamine helps widen the blood vessels and make space for more immune cells to come to the site of infection or injury, whereas heparin acts as a blood-thinning agent and helps avoid blood clotting at the infection or injury site.

Creatine kinase is a type of enzyme found in muscles, especially in heart muscles. It is of three types: CK-MM (found mostly in your skeletal muscles), CK-MB (found mostly in your heart muscle), and CK-BB (found mostly in your brain tissue).

CK levels typically rise sharply within 3 to 5 hours after a heart attack, reach a maximum level after 12-14 hours, and return to normal range after 3-4 days after a heart attack. Doctors often repeat this test to check the CK levels after some time.

The Magnesium test determines the amount of magnesium in your blood. Magnesium enters the body through the diet and is absorbed by the small intestine and colon. Most of the magnesium is stored in the skeletal system comprising the bones and joints, while minor amounts are present in the muscles and other soft tissues. Any fluctuation in the levels of magnesium can cause various health complications that may need medical intervention. Therefore, this test serves as an important diagnostic test that helps doctors detect any abnormalities in magnesium levels and formulate an appropriate treatment plan.

An Absolute Neutrophil Count test measures the percentage of neutrophils per microliter of blood. Neutrophils are a type of WBC and play an integral part in the body's immune system. They help fight off bacterial infections in the body by identifying and destroying foreign invaders, such as disease-causing microorganisms. 

An Absolute Monocyte Count test measures the total number of monocytes in the blood. Monocytes are a type of WBC that originate from bone marrow and travel to different tissues via the blood. Once they are inside the tissue, these cells get converted to macrophages (a type of cell that digest harmful substances). Monocytes are the second line of defense mechanism of the human body after neutrophils. These cells are also responsible for the removal of injured or dead cells, microorganisms, and other insoluble particles from the blood. 

The Phosphorus, Serum test is used to evaluate the level of phosphorus in your blood. Phosphorus is an inherent component of all living cells in the system and most, 85 percent, is located in the tissues of bones and teeth, while the remaining 15 percent is part of the blood and other soft tissues. Your body obtains its daily phosphorus requirements through dietary sources and under normal conditions, once the necessary amounts of phosphorus are absorbed by the cells and tissues, the remaining is eliminated via the urine.

Besides consuming a wholesome diet enriched with sufficient amounts of phosphorus, it is also important to ensure ample intake of calcium and vitamin D, to maintain overall health.

An Absolute Eosinophil Count test measures the number of eosinophils in the blood and provides important information about the functioning of the immune system. Eosinophils originate from bone marrow and have a lifespan of 8-18 hours. These cells are involved in fighting certain types of infections and responding to allergic reactions in the body. Other functions of these cells include movement to the inflammation areas, trapping substances, killing cells, and bactericidal and antiparasitic activities. They also help in the treatment of immediate allergic reactions and modulation of inflammatory responses. By measuring the number of eosinophils in the blood, this test provides important information about the functioning of the immune system.

The Red Blood Cell Count test measures the total number of red blood cells in your blood. RBCs are the most abundant cells in the blood with an average lifespan of 120 days. These cells are produced in the bone marrow and destroyed in the spleen or liver. Their primary function is to help carry oxygen from the lungs to different body parts. The normal range of RBC count can vary depending on age, gender, and the equipment and methods used for testing.

The Platelet Count test measures the average number of platelets in the blood. Platelets are disk-shaped tiny cells originating from large cells known as megakaryocytes, which are found in the bone marrow. After the platelets are formed, they are released into the blood circulation. Their average life span is 7-10 days. 

Platelets help stop the bleeding, whenever there is an injury or trauma to a tissue or blood vessel, by adhering and accumulating at the injury site and releasing chemical compounds that stimulate the gathering of more platelets. A loose platelet plug is formed at the site of injury and this process is known as primary hemostasis. These activated platelets support the coagulation pathway that involves a series of steps, including the sequential activation of clotting factors; this process is known as secondary hemostasis. After this step, there is a formation of fibrin strands that form a mesh incorporated into and around the platelet plug. This mesh strengthens and stabilizes the blood clot so that it remains in place until the injury heals. After healing, other factors come into play and break the clot down so that it gets removed. In case the platelets are not sufficient in number or not functioning properly, a stable clot might not form. These unstable clots can result in an increased risk of excessive bleeding. 

The Lipid Profile assesses the level of specific fat molecules called lipids in the blood and helps determine the risk of heart ailments. This test determines the amount of different types of lipids, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and triglycerides. Lipids play a pivotal role in the functioning of the body. They are crucial components of the cell membranes and hormones, provide cushioning, and are a storehouse of energy. Any alterations in the lipid levels may lead to potential heart ailments, making their monitoring crucial.

This further contains

• Cholesterol - LDL
• Triglycerides
• Cholesterol - Total
• Cholesterol - HDL
• Very Low Density Lipoprotein
• Total Cholesterol/HDL Cholesterol Ratio
• LDL/HDL Ratio
• Non HDL Cholesterol

The Calcium Ionized test measures the levels of biologically active (free) calcium in the bloodstream. It specifically evaluates the calcium that is not attached to proteins such as albumin. The ionized calcium is important for various physiological functions, including muscle contraction, nerve transmission, and blood clotting. It also plays an important role in hormone secretion and enzyme activity. 

The Calcium Ionized test is particularly important in critical care settings where precise calcium balance is necessary, such as in patients with severe illnesses, kidney dysfunction or those undergoing major surgery. Additionally, it helps diagnose and manage conditions related to the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium levels, and can detect imbalances that might not be apparent in total calcium measurements. It provides more precise reflection of active calcium levels.